American Occupation in the Philippines |
The conflict arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to secure independence from the United States following the latter's acquisition of the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish–American War. The war was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution.
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| Admiral George Dewey |
May 1 - Admiral Dewey launches surprise attack against a handful of Spanish war vessels in Manila Bay. Commander of Spain’s Asian naval fleet surrenders.
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| President McKinley |
May 19 - President McKinley instructs his cabinet to make preparations for the occupation the Philippines.
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| "The Call" newspaper |
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| Emilio Aguinaldo |
June 12 - Generalissimo Emilio Aguinaldo, along with other Filipino leaders, sign the Proclamation of Independence.
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| 13th Minnesota Volunteers |
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| 15th Minnesota Volunteers near Manila |
August 13 -Volunteers from the 13th Minnesota take part in invasion of Manila. Filipino Army (who control suburbs) kept out of city by U.S. soldiers.
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| Malolos Congress |
September 15 - The Malolos Congress is convened to lay the legal and constitutional foundations for what is to become the First Philippine Republic.
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January 23 - Generalissimo Emilio Aguinaldo formally proclaims the establishment of the First Philippine Republic at Malolos in Bulacan province.
February 4 - U.S. sentries shoot and kill 4 Filipino troops at Santa Mesa bridge. This incident marks the beginning of the Philippine-American War.
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| Battle of Manila |
February 5 - Battle of Manila: first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War; Americans drive Filipino army away from Manila.
March 31 - American forces capture Malolos, capital of the Philippine Republic on Luzon, driving out Aguinaldo and his government
April 11 - Battle of Pagsanjan - American sharpshooters skirmish with Filipinos outside of Pagsanjan, succeeding in driving them out. General Lawton's troops take Pagsanjan in the second action of the Laguna Campaign
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| General Lawton's Division |
April 12 - Battle of Paete - General Lawton's forces disperse Filipinos blocking rout to Paete in stiff fight. Paete taken by the Americans. Last action of the Laguna Campaign.
April 23 - Battle of Quingua - Philippine General Gregorio del Pilar stops American cavalry scouts on Luzon, but is then routed after an artillery bombardment and infantry ground assault.
June 2 - The Malolos Congress of the First Philippine Republic enacted and ratified a Declaration of War on the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno, President of the Assembly.
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| General Antonio Luna |
June 5 - Filipino General Antonio Luna assassinated by Aguinaldo's men.
November 13 - Emilio Aguinaldo decrees that guerrilla warfare would henceforth be the strategy.
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| Gen. Del Pilar with his troops |
December 19 - Battle of Paye (also known as the Battle of Montalban and the Battle of San Mateo) - For unknown reasons, General Lawton assumed personal command of the expedition, and was struck in the chest and killed when the unit he was with came under fire.
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March 5 - Lonoy Massacre - In a reverse ambush, U.S. Infantryman launch a surprise attack on Bohol natives who had laid an ambush and kill over 400.
March 23 - Aguinaldo is captured in Palanan, Isabela by U.S. forces.
April 1 - Aguinaldo swears allegiance to the United States
- Aguinaldo appeals to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States
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| William H. Taft |
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| Dead insurgents |
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| General Jacob Smith |
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| General Vicente Lukban |
April 27 - The last of Samar's guerrillas surrenders.
June 16 - U.S. military rule ends; civil government begins.
July 1 - Passage of the Philippine Organic Act by the United States, the basic law of the Insular Government.
July 4 - U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimes a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict.
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December - Battle of Dolores River - On Samar, 47 Philippine Constabulary Scouts ambushed by 1000 Pulajans and nearly all killed.
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| First Battle of Bud Dajo |
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| Macario Sakay |
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| Chief Hatty Hill Bandholtz |
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September - General John J. Pershing, governor of the Moro province, ordered the complete disarmament of all Moros.
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| General John J. Pershing |
December - Second Battle of Bud Dajo - U.S. forces, in a battle which lasted five days, assaulted and captured a Moro-held defensive position in the Bud Dajao crater.
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| Battle of Bud Bagsak |
Japanese Occupation in the Philippines Timeline |
The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective guerilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and sent reinforcements and officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, and also because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put young Filipino women into brothels.
On the morning of December 7, 1941, warplanes took off from the decks of six aircraft carriers of the Japanese Imperial Navy. Their mission was to strike a crippling blow to the United States military forces stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese leaders were ready to seize the rich oil fields of the Dutch East Indies, now known as Indonesia, and believed a pre-emptive attack on the American military was necessary to prevent American interference in the invasion plans. To accomplish what they hoped was a "knockout blow", Japanese forces planned to launch attacks on U.S. forces in the Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, and, most importantly, at the U.S. Navy ships stationed at Pearl Harbor.x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x
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| Manila City Hall Courtyard |
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| Attack on Manila |
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| Soldiers in Baguio City |
Tuguegarao. North of Luzon, a Japanese force landed on Bataan Island and established an air base.Air attacks were also conducted against Davao, Baguio, and Aparri on the same day,
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| Manila burns as the Japanese invade |
December 9 at the same year, the Japanese aircraft commenced the bombing of Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands; among the first targets in the capital city region was the US Army airbase Nichols Field.
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| Cavity Navy Yard before it was destroyed |
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| On the picture (up and down) Cavite Navy Yard destroyed by the Japanese troops |
December 10 - Cavite Navy Yard in the Philippine Islands was heavily damaged by Japanese aircraft; destroyers Peary and Pillsbury, submarines Seadragon and Sealion, and submarine tender Otus were damaged; ferry Santa Rita was sunk; minesweeper Bittern was destroyed by fire; about 60% of US Navy Asiatic Fleet's torpedoes were destroyed at Cavite. A PBY Catalina aircraft, fleeing from the attack on Cavite Navy Yard, was attacked by three Zero fighters; gunner Chief Boatswain Payne shot down one of the Zero fighters, thus scoring the US Navy's first verifiable air-to-air kill of a Japanese aircraft in the Pacific War. Elsewhere, Japanese aircraft attacked Manila Bay area, damaging American freighter Sagoland. Finally, Japanese troops of the 2nd Taiwan Regiment of the 48th Division landed on Camiguin Island and at Gonzaga, Vigan, and Aparri on Luzon Island.
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December 11 - The Japanese troops landed at Legaspi, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
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| US Navy base at Olongapo City |
December 12 - The Japanese Navy 11th Air Fleet aircraft attacked the US Navy base at Olongapo in Luzon, Philippine Islands. At Legaspi, Japanese troops captured an airfield and moved north.
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December 13 - The Japanese Navy aircraft again struck the US Navy base at Olongapo at Subic Bay at Luzon, Philippine Islands. Various other bases and airfields in the Manila Bay area were attacked as well.
December 17 - American passenger ship Corregidor departed Manila, Philippine Islands with about 1,200 civilians on board; a short distance later, while still in Manila Bay, she struck a mine previously laid by Japanese submarine I-124 and sank, killing many. To the north, 24 transports with 7,000 Japanese troops aboard departed from the Ryukyu Islands, heading for Lamon Bay at eastern Luzon island.
December 18 - The Japanese troops captured Naga, Luzon, Philippine Islands. To the north, the invasion convoy for the Lingayen Gulf assault departed from Taiwan and the Pescadores islands.
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| General Douglas MacArthur |
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| S.S Mayon |
December 24 - MacArthur informed President Manuel Quezon that he and some of his officials, as well as the members of his family were to leave at Corregidor at two o'clock in the afternoon. The Japanese bombers were still hitting the Port Area in Manila and in time Quezon and his party were scheduled to leave. At three o'clock, Quezon's party headed for the S.S Mayon which took them to Corregidor.
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December 25 - Japanese troops landed at Jolo, Philippine Islands and captured the island after wiping out the garrison of 300 Filipino militia and policemen. Meanwhile, US Navy moved the headquarters of the Asiatic Fleet from Manila, Philippine Islands to Java. US Marines destroyed docks, fuel tanks, and ammunition dumps at Cavite Naval Shipyard.
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| New York Times Newspaper |
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| Intendencia Building |
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| Santo Domingo Church |
December 26 - Manila was already declared an open city. Japanese bombing continued without interruption; Guns were withdrawn from the city in order to comply with the requirements of international law regarding an open city. MacArthur's headquarters at No.1 Victoria Street in Intramuros was evacuated. The Japanese bombed Manila; Santo Domingo Church was destroyed; so were the old Intendencia Building now the Central Bank, San Juan De Letran, Santa Catalina College,and the offices of Philippines Herald, Mabuhay, Debate, and Monday Mail.
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December 27 - Japanese air units bombed Manila, Philippine Islands while 6 US PBY Catalina aircraft attacked Japanese warships at Jolo (4 would be shot down). On land, Allied forces withdrew to the Santa-Ignacia-Gerona-Guimba-San Jose line 30 miles south of Lingayen Gulf, Luzon.
December 28 - On Luzon island, Philippine Islands, the US 4th Marine Regiment completed its move from the Bataan Peninsula to Corregidor Island except for the radar detachment. Meanwhile, also on Luzon, north of the capital of Manila, the Allied defenses fell back to the Tarlac-Cabanatuan line. Over Manila, Japanese aircraft appeared again, sinking four freighters in Manila Bay. To the south, Japanese 16th Division captured Luisiana, with forward units reaching as far as Los Baños on the southern shore of Laguna de Bay.
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| War on Corregidor |
December 29 - 40 land-based bombers of the Japanese Navy 5th Air Group attacked Corregidor in the Philippine Islands for the first time. On Luzon island, Japanese Lingayen Force captured Cabanatuan, but American and Filipino forces held on to Tarlac to the west.
December 30 - Japanese Lingayen Force captured Tarlac on Luzon, Philippine Islands; American and Filipino forces fell back to the Bamban-Sibul Springs Line, the final defensive line north of Manila. South of Manila, the Japanese 16th Division reached the Laguna De Bay lake. And at the same time, President Quezon took his oath of office as President of Commonwealth, marking the end of his first term and the beginning of his second term.
December 31 - Japanese Lingayen Force captured Sibul Springs, Luzon, Philippine Islands, breaching part of the final defensive line north of Manila. South of the city, Japanese tanks of Sonoda Force reached Baliuag.
January 2 - The advance elements of the Japanese invasion forces entered Manila from North and South. Manila became an occupied city.
- Postal service under U.S. Commonwealth was temporarily suspended.
- Japanese captured Manila and U.S. Naval Base in Cavite. Japanese Military Administration activated bringing Philippines firmly under Japanese control.
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| Post Office Building |
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| General Masharu Homma |
January 3 - A day after Manila became an occupied city, the Commander-in-Chief of Japanese Imperial Forces, General Masaharu Homma, issued a proclamation announcing the end of American occupation and the purpose of the Japanese expedition.
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January 4 - Following a heavy bombardment, Japanese Lingayen Force penetrated the US-Filipino Guagua-Porac defensive line at Luzon, Philippine Islands and captured the town of Guagua and the Del Carmen airfield. On the same day, American B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from Australia attacked Japanese shipping at Malalag Bay, Davao, Mindanao, damaging cruiser Myoko.
January 7 - Japanese troops made probing attacks at the opening of the Bataan peninsula at Luzon, Philippine Islands. Meanwhile, General MacArthur organized his forces into two corps and a rear area service command.
January 10 - US-Filipino troops held the Abucay-Mauban defensive line on the Bataan peninsula on Luzon, Philippine Islands.
January 12 - Japanese troops continued to attack the Abucay-Mauban line on Bataan Peninsula, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
January 15 - Philippine 51st Division withdrew from the Salian River valley on the eastern side of the Abucay-Mauban defensive line on Bataan Peninsula, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
January 16 - Japanese and Filipino-American forces both raced to capture Morong on Bataan Peninsula, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Both sides reached the town around the same time, but the Allies had detected the Japanese first. Taking the opportunity for a surprise attack, more than 20 American cavalry troops charged on their horses, dispersing Japanese troops. It was the last combat charge of horse-mounted American cavalry troops.
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| Premier Hideki Tojo |
January 21 - Japanese troops penetrated the west side of the Abucay-Mauban defensive line at Mount Natib on Luzon, Philippine Islands and began to cut off supplies to US-Filipino troops on the line. Premier Hideki Tojo, in an address before the Japanese Imperial Diet, said:
"Japan will gladly grant the Philippines its independence so long as it cooperates and organizes Japan's program of establishing Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."
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January 22 - In the Philippine Islands, an attempted Japanese landing from fishing boats on the west coast of the Bataan Peninsula was wiped out; the Japanese 20th Infantry Regiment would continue to try to gain a foothold. Meanwhile, Douglas MacArthur ordered the Abucay-Mauban defensive line abandoned as the Japanese had penetrated its western end; the troops fell back about 5 miles to the new line from Bagac to Orion.
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| Gen, Homma and Jorge Vargas |
January 23 - General Masharu Homma issued and order to Jorge B. Vargas making him the Chairman of the Executive Commission.
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| The Abucay Line Map |
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| Mauban Line Map |
January 26 - US and Filipino troops completed the phased withdraw from the Abucay-Mauban defensive line at Bataan, Luzon, Philippine Islands, which was done over three nights.
January 28 - Mortars and machine guns of the US 4th Marine Regiment were assigned to the 57th Philippine Scout Regiment at Longoskawayan Point, Bataan on Luzon, Philippine Islands, where the combined US-Filipino effort would soon wipe out the Japanese landing attempt.
January 29 - The 20th Battalion of the Japanese 16th Division penetrated the US-Filipino Orion-Bagac defensive line at several locations at Bataan, Luzon, Philippine Islands; the reserve 45th Philippine Scout Division was quickly dispatched to halt the Japanese advance. Meanwhile, troops of the Philippine Scouts continued to assault the Japanese beachheads at Longoskawayan Point and Quinauan Point in southern Bataan.
- The Council of State was created to aid the Central Administrative Organization in administering the occupied territory.
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| PT Boats |
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| P-40 Aircraft |
February 1 - PT boats and P-40 aircraft repulsed the Japanese landing attempt on southwest Bataan at the Philippine Islands.
February 2 - An assault was mounted by US troops, supported by tanks, against the Japanese beachheads at Quinauan Point, Bataan, Luzon, Philippine Islands; it achieved little. To the north, on the Orion-Bagac defensive line, a US-Filipino attack wiped out a small pocket of trapped Japanese attackers.
February 8 - American troops attacked and wiped out a Japanese infiltration force at Quinauan Point, Bataan on the Philippine island of Luzon; 600 Japanese troops were killed while the US-Filipino forces suffered 500 casualties. Meanwhile, General Masaharu Homma called off the first offensive against Bataan and fell back to more defensible positions while waiting for reinforcements.
February 17 - A detachment of the submarine tender USS Canopus, sailors from the Cavite Naval Ammunition Depot, and the majority of the general duty men in the area were transferred to the 4th Marine Regiment based on Corregidor, Philippine Islands.
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| U.S President Franklin Roosevelt |
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March 4 - Postal service in Manila re-opened under Japanese Administration.
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| Gen. Jonathan Wainwright |
March 18 - President Roosevelt appointed General MacArthur commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater.
March 31- In accordance with Japanese mandates, the Department of Education, Health and Public Welfare was authorize.
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April 3 - Japanese attacked American and Filipino troops in Bataan. |
| Japanese troops celebrating their victory |
April 9 - 75,000 US and Filipino troops, remainder of the US II Corps under General Edward King on the Bataan peninsula at Luzon, Philippine Islands, surrendered to the Japanese; it was the largest American surrender in history.
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| Death March |
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| Death March Route |
April 10 - The Japanese, overwhelmed with 76,000 captives at Bataan on the main Philippine island of Luzon, decided to march the prisoners 25 miles to Balanga for further transport. Without food, water, or medical supplies and facing brutal treatment by the Japanese, the prisoners of war would die in large numbers, and this march would soon be named the "Bataan Death March". Just off Luzon, minesweeper USS Finch, damaged by Japanese air attacks on the previous day, was scuttled by her crew. Elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, 12,000 Japanese troops landed on Cebu on three invasion beaches; the 6,500 defenders at Cebu City evacuated the capital and moved inland; Australia-based B-17 bombers attacked the invasion force to little effect.
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May 6 - Before dawn, US and Filipino defenders in the East Sector of Corregidor, Philippine Islands fought against the Japanese amphibious assault launched just prior to midnight, killing 1,200 men of the 2,000-strong first wave of attack. The Japanese began to gain a beachhead and began landing tanks to support the invasion. The US 4th Marine Regiment reserve companies and the US 4th Marine Battalion (reserve) launched an unsuccessful counterattack. Acknowledging the hopelessness of the situation, Major General Jonathan Wainwright ordered his troops to surrendered. To prevent capture, US Marines Colonel S. L. Howard ordered all regimental and national colors of the 4th Marine Regiment burned to prevent capture, while other US and Filipino personnel scuttled gunboats and destroyed ammunition stores.
May 12 - The last U.S. Troops holding out in the Philippines surrendered in Mindanao.
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| U.S troops |
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August 29 - The Red Cross announced Japan’s refusal to allow safe passage of ships containing supplies for U.S. prisoners of war.
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| Kalibapi |
July 10 - A new constitution was finalized as drawn by the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. Ratified two months
later by the Kalibapi, the only political party allowed to exist.
September 20 - Election of fifty-four (54) members to the National Assembly was held.
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| Jose P. Laurel |
October 14 - Inauguration of Philippine Independence (Second Republic) with Jose P. Laurel as President.
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October 20 - U.S. Allied Forces, headed by General MacArthur, triumphantly landed in Leyte.
October 20 - U.S. Allied Forces, headed by General MacArthur, triumphantly landed in Leyte.
The Battle of Leyte Gulf
December 15 - U.S Troops invaded Mindoro.
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| Bataan |
March 2 - The U.S airborne troops recaptured Corregidor.
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| Corregidor |
March 3 - U.S and Filipino troops took Manila.
March 10 - U.S. Eight Army invaded Zamboanga Peninsula in Mindanao.
June 18 - Japanese resistance ends in Mindanao.
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| In Mindanao |
June 28 - MacArthur's headquarters announced the end of all Japanese resistance in the Philippines
July 5 - Liberation of Philippines was declared.
August 14 - Unconditional of Japan was accepted
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| Gen. Yamashita |
September 3 - Gen. Yamashita surrendered to Gen. Wainwright in Baguio City.
The Third Republic of the Philippines |
The history of the Philippines from the recognition of independence in 1946 to the end of the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal, which covered much of the Third Republic of the Philippines which ended on January 17, 1973 with the ratification of the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
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| Signing of Treaty of General Relations, Malacañan Palace |
The Philippines currently celebrates its Independence Day on June 12, the anniversary of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration of independence from Spain in 1898. The declaration was not recognised by the United States which, after defeating the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay in May that year, acquired the Philippine Islands via the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-American War. From 1946 to 1961, the Philippines observed Independence Day on July 4.
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| President Manuel Roxas |
April 23, 1946 - Election, Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature. Roxas became the first president of the new republic. Before the granting of independence, he strengthened political and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, The Philippine Trade Act, passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States, exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries. A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99-year lease on designated military bases in the country (the lease was later reduced to 25 years beginning 1967). His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing Hukbalahap (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection. Roxas died suddenly of a heart attack in April 15, 1948, and the vice president, Elpidio Quirino, was elevated to the presidency. He was succeeded by his vice president Elpidio Quirino.
November 12, 1957 - President Carlos P. Garcia won his opportunity for a full term as President of the Philippines after the death of President Ramon Magsaysay. He was well known when he exercised the Filipino First Policy during his term in office. This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the country. He also made a program focused on thriftiness. His administration also encountered the problem of graft and corruption which his political rivals, the Liberal and the Grand Alliance used as an issue during the 1961 elections. Garcia lost in the 1961 election. Diosdado Macapagal won the presidential race.
December 30, 1961- President Diosdado Macapagal was elected as the President of the Philippines. Macapagal took the advice of supporters and allowed the Philippine peso to float on the free currency exchange market. His reform efforts were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives and the Senate at that time. Nonetheless, and was able to achieve growth and prosperity for the nation. Macapagal's foreign policy sought closer relations with neighboring Asian nations, particularly Malaya (later Malaysia) and Indonesia.
May 12, 1962 - President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 proclaiming June 12, 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines.
1964 - Under Republic Act No. 4166 President Macapagal changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day.
Proclamation of independence at Rizal Park
1969 - Marcos ran for a second term. Marcos began his second term by creating a personality cult of sorts around himself, mandating that all public institutions must carry a picture of the President, and even replacing some billboards with his propaganda messages. Marcos' second term was marked by economic turmoil brought about by factors both external and internal, a restless student body who demanded educational reforms, a rising crime rate, and a growing Communist insurgency, among other things.
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| President Elpidio Quirino |
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| Hukbalahap Philippines |
April 17, 1948 - Elpidio Quirino, taking his oath of office two days after the death of Manuel Roxas. His administration faced a serious threat in the form of the communist Hukbalahap movement. Though the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and when Quirino's negotiation with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948, His six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption. Although ill, Quirino ran for re-election in 1953, but he was overwhelmingly defeated by Ramon Magsaysay.
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| President Ramon Magsaysay |
November 10, 1953 - Magsaysay was elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino, with the scarcely concealed help of American officials and funds. He was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president. He promised sweeping economic reform, and made progress in land reform by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionally Muslim areas. Though this relieved population pressure in the north, it heightened religious hostilities. During the first year of Magsaysay's administration, 28,000 land patents covering 241,000 hectares, were issued to settlers/landless. The following year the number increase to 33,075. Agriculltural lots were distributed to landless applicants. It was during his barrio-to-barrio campaigns that he realized, as nobody in the government realized, the plight of the "taos" who lacked the necessary leadership to make their voices heard. During his administration, the Philippines sucessfully negotiated the RP-U.S. trade Relations that culminated in the signing of the Laurel-Langley Trade Agreement of 1956. It was also during Macapagal's term that Japan agreed to pay war reparation to the Philippines over a 20 year period for the damage inflicted by the Japanese to the country during World War II.
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| Ramon Magsaysay's presidential plane at Mount Manunggal, Cebu |
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| Ramon Magsaysay's dead body |
March 16, 1957 - Magsaysay left Manila for Cebu City where he spoke at three educational institutions. That same night, at about 1 a.m., he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Manila. In the early morning hours of March 17, his plane was reported missing. It was late in the afternoon that day that newspapers reported that the airplane had crashed on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu and that 25 of the 26 passengers and crew aboard were killed. Only newspaperman Néstor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos P. García, who was on an official visit to Australia at the time, assumed the presidency to serve out the last eight months of Magsaysay's term.
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| Ramon Magsaysay's burial |
March 22, 1957 - An estimated 2 million people attended Magsaysay's burial.
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| President Carlos P. Garcia |
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| President Diosdado Macapagal |
May 12, 1962 - President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 proclaiming June 12, 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines.
1964 - Under Republic Act No. 4166 President Macapagal changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day.
Macapagal was defeated for re-election in 1965 by Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, a former Liberal Party ally who defected to the Nacionalista party to challenge the incumbent President.
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| President Ferdinand Marcos |
1965 - Ferdinand Marcos won the Presidential election and became the 10th President of the Philippines. His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructure nationwide, such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway. Marcos did this by appointing a cabinet composed mostly of technocrats and intellectuals, by increasing funding to the Armed Forces, and mobilizing them to help in construction. Marcos also established schools and learning institutions nationwide, more than of his predecessors combined.
1969 - Marcos ran for a second term. Marcos began his second term by creating a personality cult of sorts around himself, mandating that all public institutions must carry a picture of the President, and even replacing some billboards with his propaganda messages. Marcos' second term was marked by economic turmoil brought about by factors both external and internal, a restless student body who demanded educational reforms, a rising crime rate, and a growing Communist insurgency, among other things.
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| Liberal Party campaign at Plaza Miranda |
August 21, 1971 - The Liberal Party held a campaign rally at the Plaza Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty of Manila. Two grenades were reportedly tossed on stage, injuring almost everybody present. As a result, Marcos suspended the writ of habeas corpus in order to arrest those behind the attack.
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| President Marcos declares Martial Law |
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| Martial Law rally |
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| Martial Law |
September 21 1971 - President Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 1081, proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines. Due to uncontrolled situation of the country. Marcos, who henceforth ruled by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress, controlled media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Jose W. Diokno. Initially, the declaration of martial law was well-received, given the social turmoil of the period. Crime rates decreased significantly after a curfew was implemented. Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile. As martial law went on for the next nine years, the excesses committed by the military emerged.
Proclamation of Martial Law video
Opinion's Corner:
"The Philippines experienced many struggles and fall. But still, the hope that we can be free from the invasion of the different troops is still there. The Filipinos fighting for freedom for our country is very priceless. I mean, if the Filipinos haven't fought for freedom, maybe we are still a captive of a certain troop until now. And about the economic and social problems that we had after the war, many of our presidents tried to make a remedy even though some of the presidents made the economic and social struggles even worse. Until now, we are still having an economic problems but we know that the administration that we have today is trying to make the country's economic and social aspects better." - Rachelle Gay Estrera
Rachelle Gay Estrera
"In my16th year of existence here on earth, based on the Philippine history, The Philippines didn't have any existing freedom since they had been destroyed by many terrorist. Pain, sadness, etc. It was then a very big deal for the rest of the Filipinos who had experienced this kind of mess. In behalf of this happenings, we are now experiencing freedom due to the braveness of our national heroes and the late Filipino soldiers, etc. However, this really proves that Filipinos are brave enough to win and recover. Thus, we must be thankful for those who fight for our rights. In other words, FAITH is a must." - Agnes Dyann Consego
Agnes Dyann Consego
"In my opinion, Filipinos fight for their freedom. Even though they're struggling, they wanted or they owe their freedom to the soldiers who have fought in our nation's war since its founding. During their time, we're serving them because Filipino are not united that time, convert to Roman Catholic and offered some honors, but after many years they are abusing. Some Filipino having their unities against the foreigner, on how they wanted freedom from them, And that time they had planned, a plan that how we can get through all of their abusement. Because of their doings, they get what they wanted and that is freedom. In what we feel right now is because of them, the FILIPINOS." - Geanne Honey Panugan
Geanne Honey Panugan
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